Easy To Earn
Saturday, 16 February 2019
Sunday, 14 October 2018
Subject-Verb-Agreement
Singular subject এর সাথে singular verb এবংplural subject এর সাথে plural verb বসে। Subject এর number এবং person অনুযায়ী verb এর সঠিকব্যবহারের জন্যে subject verb agreement এরrules গুলো জানা জরুরী।
Subject-verb agreement is used to express or show the number of the subject and the verb. The concept of subject-verb agreement is easier in English grammar. But there are some rules which are still confusing.
A singular verb is used with a singular subject, and a plural verb is used with a plural subject. When they agree with each other, we call it that a subject and the verb agree.
Some of the commonly used rules of subject-verb agreement are discussed below:
1. Subject এবং verb উভয়ই singular অথবা উভয়ই plural হতে হবে।
Subject and verb must agree with each other in number. Both must be singular, or both must be a plural
Example:
- He eats rice.
- They eat rice.
2. কিছু শব্দ subject এবং verb এর মাঝামাঝিতে বসে subject সম্পর্কে কিছু বলে। এরা subject-verb agreement এ কোন প্রভাব ফেলে না।
Some words come between the subject and verb and state something about the subject. They don’t affect the agreement.
Example:
- The man, carrying the bag, goes to the market.
3. Subject সাধারণত prepositional phrase এর আগে বসে।
A subject will come before a prepositional phrase.
Example:
- A bunch of roses is spreading the beauty of this stage. (correct)
- A bunch of roses are spreading the beauty of this stage. (incorrect)
4. দুইটি singular subject যখন or, either/or, বা neither/nor দ্বারা সংযুক্ত থাকে, তখন singular verb ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Two singular subjects that are connected by or, either/or, or neither/nor, use a singular verb.
Example:
- My brother or my sister is coming today.
- Either Mou or Akash is trying to buy the smartphone.
- Neither Asif nor Abir is going to Chittagong.
5. কোন বাক্যে or, either/or, বা neither/nor থাকলে, verb নিকটবর্তী noun বা pronoun-কে অনুসরণ করে।
The sentence contains or, either/or, or neither/nor, the verb agrees with the noun or pronoun closest to it.
Example:
- Either you or he has gone to the party.
- Neither she nor I have attended the meeting.
- Neither she, her friends, nor I am going to the competition.
6. উভয় subject ই যদি plural হয় এবং “and”, “or”, “nor”, “neither/nor”, “either/or”, and “not only/but also” দ্বারা সংযুক্ত থাকে তাহলে verb ও plural হবে।
If both the subjects are plural and connected with the words “and”, “or”, “nor”, “neither/nor”, “either/or”, and “not only/but also”, then the verb will be in plural form.
Example:
- Men and women both are entered the room.
- Not only teachers and but also students arerequested to participate the event.
7. দুই বা ততোধিক subject যদি and দ্বারা যুক্ত থাকে তখন plural verb ব্যবহৃত হয়।
A plural verb is used when two or more subjects are connected by ‘and’.
Example:
- I, you and Marsha are going to attend the party.
- My uncle, aunt, and cousin are coming to visit our village.
8. দুই বা ততোধিক subject যদি and দ্বারা যুক্ত থাকে এবং একজন single ব্যক্তি বা একটি বস্তুকে নির্দেশ করে তখন singular verb বসে।
When two or more subjects are connected by ‘and’ and refer to a singular thing, then the verb will be a singular form.
Example:
- Fried rice and chicken is his favorite
9. কিছু শব্দ আছে যারা বাক্যে subject এবং verb কে বিচ্ছিন্ন করে কিন্তু তারা subject অথবা verb এর কোন অংশ নয়। যেমন: along with, as well as, besides, not etc.
‘Along with, as well as, besides, not, etc. are not the part of the subject. They may separate the subject and verb in a sentence, but they are not the part of the sentence.
Example:
- The great, writer, along with the cameramen, is given a short
- Excitement, as well as, nervousness is the main reason to fail in the exam.
10. Parentheses, subject এর অংশ নয়।
Parentheses are not the part of the subject.
Example:
- She (and her make-up men) was always helpful.
11. কোন বাক্য যদি there অথবা here দিয়ে শুরু হয় তাহলে সবসময় subject অনুযায়ী verb ব্যবহৃত হয়।
When the sentence begins with the word ‘there’ or ‘here’, the subject is placed after the verb.
So, it is important to identify the verb correctly.
Example:
- There is a problem with this experiment.
- Here are the pens you wanted.
12. Verb singular হবে যদি each, every, no শব্দগুলোর যে কোন একটি subject এর পূর্বে বসে।
The verb will be a singular verb if the words “each”, “every”, or “no” come before the subject.
Example:
- No smoking is allowed.
- Every girl and boy is needed to pass the written test.
- Each of the girls is showing their ID cards.
13. Verb, preposition এর object এর উপর নির্ভর করে বসাতে হবে যদি কোন বাক্য “some”, “half”, “none”, “more” বা “all” দিয়ে শুরু হয়।
When “some”, “half”, “none”, “more” or “all”comes before a prepositional phrase then the verb will be determined by the object of the preposition.
Example:
- Some of the boys were present.
- All of the girls were very cute.
- All of the girls were very nice.
- None of the girls was present in the class.
14. বাক্যে পরিমাপ এবং সময়ের ক্ষেত্রে singular verb ব্যবহৃত হয়।
The singular verb is used during the units of measurement and time in the sentence.
Example:
- Five liters of water is needed to prepare the food.
- Twenty hours is required to make the boiler.
15. Subject যদি “everyone”, “everybody”, “none” or “nobody” হয় তাহলে verb এর singular form হবে।
If the subject is “everyone”, “everybody”, “none” or “nobody”, the verb will be singular form.
Example:
- Everybody is welcome here.
- Everyone likes to be rewarded.
- Nobody comes home.
- None is perfect.
16. Subject যদি “few”, “all”, “many”, “both”, “several”, এবং “some” হয় তাহলে verb, plural form হবে।
If the subject is “few”, “all”, “many”, “both”, “several”, and “some”, then the verb will be plural form.
Example:
- Few are attended in the class.
- All are requested to take the seat.
17. বাক্যে subject যদি gerund অথবা infinitive হয় তাহলে verb এর singular form হবে।
When gerunds or infinitives are used as the subject in a sentence, then the verb will follow the singular form.
Example:
- To stand under the tree during an earthquake is not safe.
- Doing morning walk is very good for health and blood circulation.
18. Collective noun, herd, Senate, class, crowd থাকলে verb এর singular form হয়।
“Herd”, “Senate”, “class”, “crowd” take a singular verb form.
Example:
- The class is canceled.
- If the subject is the name or the title of books, novels, movies, etc. then the verb is singular.
19. Subject যদি কোন বই, নভেল, বা মুভির নাম হয় তাহলে verb এর singular form হবে।
Example:
- Hajar Bochor Dhore is a novel written by Jahir Raihan.
- Doob is a movie made by Mostafa Sarwar Faruki.
20. বাক্যে যদি একটি positive এবং একটি negative subject থাকে, এবং একটি singular ও অপরটি plural form হয় তাহলে verb, positive subject কে follow করবে।
If the sentence contains a positive and a negative subject, one is singular, and another is plural form, then the verb will follow the positive subject.
Example:
- Not the villagers but the chairman tries to do good for the village.
- The villagers but not the chairman try to do good for the village.
সর্বোপরি, এটা মনে রাখা জরুরি যে, শুধু মাত্র subject ই verb কে প্রভাবিত করতে পারে। Please, notice that only the subject can affect the verbs.
Future Tense
যে tense ভবিষ্যতের কোন ঘটনাকে বোঝায় তাকে future tense বলে।
The tense that expresses any future event is called future tense.
Example:
- I shall/ will do this work - আমি এই কাজটি করবো।
- She will go to the office - সে অফিসে যাবে।
Classification:
Future tense can be classified into four types:
- Simple Future Tense
- Future Continuous Tense
- Future Perfect Tense
- Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Simple Future Tense:
Simple Future Tense ভবিষ্যতে ঘটবে এমন কোন কাজকে বোঝায়।
Simple Future Tense denotes to an action which will happen in the future.
Example:
- I will go to the varsity - আমি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে যাবো।
- I will sing the song - আমি গানটি গাইবো।
- He will help you - সে তোমাকে সাহায্য করবে।
Structure of the sentence:
Positive sentence:
Subject+ shall/will+ simple form of verb+ object.
Example:
- I will/ shall write the poem - আমি কবিতাটি লিখবো।
- You will do the work - তুমি কাজটি করবে।
- They will go shopping - তারা কেনাকাটা করতে যাবে।
Note: First person-এর পরে সাধারণত: shall বসতে পারে তবে আজকাল সবক্ষেত্রেই will ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Negative sentence:
Subject+ will not/ won’t + simple form of verb+ object.
Example:
- I will not/ won’t write the poem - আমি কবিতাটি লিখবো না।
- You will not/ won’t do the work - তুমি কাজটি করবে না।
- They will not/ won’t go shopping - তারা কেনাকাটা করতে যাবে না।
Interrogative sentence:
Will+ Subject+ simple form of verb+ object+note of interrogation (?)
Example:
- Will I write the poem? - আমি কি কবিতাটি লিখবো?
- Will you do the work? - তুমি কি কাজটি করবে?
- Will they go shopping? - তারা কি কেনাকাটা করতে যাবে?
Future Continuous Tense:
Future Continuous Tense ভবিষ্যতে ঘটতে থাকবে এমন কোন চলমান কাজকে বোঝায়।
Future Continuous Tense denotes to an on-going action which will happen in the future.
Example:
- I will be writing the poem - আমি কবিতাটি লিখতে থাকবো।
- You will be doing the work - তুমি কাজটি করতে থাকবে।
- They will be going shopping - তারা কেনাকাটা করতে যেতে থাকবে।
Structure of the sentence:
Positive sentence:
Subject+ will+ be+ simple form of verb+ ing + object.
Example:
- We will be going to the fair - আমরা মেলায় যেতে থাকবো।
- You will be going to the office - তুমি অফিসে যেতে থাকবে।
- He will be helping you - সে তোমাকে সাহায্য করতে থাকবে।
Negative sentence:
Subject+ will not/ won’t + be+ simple form of verb+ ing + object.
Example:
- We will not/ won’t be going to the fair - আমরা মেলায় যেতে থাকবো না।
- You will not/ won’t be going to the office - তুমি অফিসে যেতে থাকবে না।
- He will not/ won’t be helping you - সে তোমাকে সাহায্য করতে থাকবে না।
Interrogative sentence:
Will+ Subject+ be+ simple form of verb+ ing+ object +note of interrogation (?)
Example:
- Will we be going to the fair? - আমরা কি মেলায় যেতে থাকবো?
- Will you be going to the office? - তুমি কি অফিসে যেতে থাকবে?
- Will he be helping you? - সে কি তোমাকে সাহায্য করতে থাকবে?
Future Perfect Tense:
Future Perfect Tense এমন কোন কাজকে বোঝায় যা ভবিষ্যতে কোন সময়ে ঘটে থাকবে।
ভবিষ্যতে দুটি কাজ হলে যে কাজটি আগে হয় সেটা Future Perfect Tense হয় এবং যেটা পরে হয় সেটা Simple Present tense হয়।
Future Perfect Tense denotes to an action which will have been occurred at some time in the future. If two actions take place in the future, the first one is Future Perfect Tense and the second one is Simple Present Tense.
Example:
- I will have written the poem - আমি কবিতাটি লিখে থাকবো।
- By the time you reach, we will have started our journey - তুমি এসে পৌঁছোতে পৌঁছোতে আমরা আমাদের যাত্রা শুরু করে ফেলবো।
- He will have helped you - সে তোমাকে সাহায্য করে থাকবে।
Structure of the sentence:
Positive sentence:
Subject+ will have+ past participle form of verb+ object. or
1st Subject+ will have+ past participle form of verb+ 1st object+ before+ 2nd Subject+ main verb + 2nd object.
Example:
- I will have given the speech before you come - তুমি আসার আগে আমি বক্তব্যটা দিয়ে থাকবো।
- You will have gone to the office before I reach - আমি পৌঁছানোর আগে তুমি অফিসে গিয়ে থাকবে।
- They will have done the work - তারা কাজটি করে থাকবে।
Negative sentence:
Subject+ will not/ won’t have+ past participle form of verb+ object.
1st Subject+ will not/ won’t have+ past participle form of verb+ 1st object+ before+ 2ndSubject+ main verb + 2nd object.
Example:
- I will not/ won’t have given the speech before you come - তুমি আসার আগে আমি বক্তব্যটা দিয়ে থাকবো না।
- You will not/ won’t have gone to the office before I reach - আমি পৌঁছানোর আগে তুমি অফিসে গিয়ে থাকবে না।
- They will not / won’t have done the work. - তারা কাজটি করে থাকবে না।
Interrogative sentence:
Will+ Subject+ have+ past participle form of verb+ object+ note of interrogation (?) or
Will+ 1st Subject + have+ past participle form of verb+ 1st object+ before+2nd subject+ main verb + 2nd object + note of interrogation (?)
Example:
- Will I have given the speech before you come? - তুমি আসার আগে আমি কি বক্তব্যটি দিয়ে থাকবো?
- Will you have gone to the office before I reach? - আমি পৌঁছানোর আগে তুমি কি অফিসে গিয়ে থাকবে?
- Will they have done the work? - তারা কি কাজটি করে থাকবে?
Future Perfect Continuous Tense:
Future Perfect Continuous Tense চলমান কোন কাজকে বোঝায় যা ভবিষ্যতের কোন নির্দিষ্ট সময় ধরে ঘটতে থাকবে।
ভবিষ্যতে দুটি কাজ হলে যে কাজটি আগে চলতে থাকবে সেটা Future Perfect Continuous Tense হয় এবং যেটা পরে হয় সেটা Simple Present tense হয়।
Future Perfect Continuous Tense denotes to an on-going action which will be done at a certain time in the future. If two actions take place in the future, the first one which will be continued is Future Perfect Continuous Tense and the second one is Simple Present Tense.
Example:
- I will have been doing the work until you return. - তুমি ফিরে না আসা পর্যন্ত আমি কাজটি করতে থাকবো।
- The students will have been doing the class until the bell rings. - ঘন্টা না বাজা পর্যন্ত ছাত্ররা ক্লাস করতে থাকবে।
Structure of the sentence:
Positive sentence:
Subject+ will have been+ simple form of verb+ ing + object. or
1st Subject+ will have been+ simple form of verb+ ing + 1st object+ before/ until + 2ndSubject+ main verb + 2nd object.
Example:
- We will have been doing the work. - আমরা কাজটি করতে থাকবো।
- The student will have been doing the math before the teacher comes. - শিক্ষক আসার পূর্ব পর্যন্ত ছাত্রটি অংকটি করতে থাকবে।
- They will have been watching the movie before you come. - তুমি আসার পূর্ব পর্যন্ত তারা ছায়াছবিটি দেখতে থাকবে।
Negative sentence:
Subject+ will not/ won’t have+ been+ simple form of verb+ ing + object. or
1st Subject+ will not/ won’t have+ been+ simple form of verb+ ing + 1st object+ before/until+ 2nd Subject+ main verb + 2nd object.
Example:
- We will not have been doing the work. - আমরা কাজটি করতে থাকবো না।
- The student will not/ won’t have been doing the math before the teacher comes. - শিক্ষক আসার পূর্ব পর্যন্ত ছাত্রটি অংকটি করতে থাকবে না।
- They will not / won’t have been watching the movie before you come. - তুমি আসার পূর্ব পর্যন্ত তারা ছায়াছবিটি দেখতে থাকবে না।
Interrogative sentence:
Will+ Subject+ have+ been + simple form of verb+ ing + object + note of interrogation (?)
or
Will+ 1st Subject + have+ been + simple form of verb+ ing + 1st object+ before+2nd subject+ main verb + 2nd object + note of interrogation (?)
Example:
- Will I have been giving the speech before you come? - তুমি আসার আগে আমি কি বক্তব্যটি দিতে থাকবো?
- Will you have been going to the office before I reach? - আমি পৌঁছানোর আগে তুমি কি অফিসে যেতে থাকবে?
- Will they have been doing the work? - তারা কি কাজটি করতে থাকবে?
Past Tensw
অতীত কালের কোন কাজ বোঝাতে past tenseব্যবহৃত হয়।
The past tense is used to express an action that occurred in the past.
Past tense is classified into four categories.
- Past Indefinite Tense
- Past Continuous Tense
- Past Perfect Tense
- Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Indefinite Tense
অতীত কালের কোন কাজ এবং অতীতের কোন অভ্যাস কে বোঝাতে past tense ব্যবহৃত হয়।
The past indefinite Tense describes an action completed in the past or a habit of past.
বাংলায় চেনার উপায়: বাংলায় ক্রিয়ার শেষে ল, লাম, ত, তাম, তে, তেন,ছিল, অথবা, ছিলাম থাকলে সাধারণত past tense হয়ে থাকে।
Example:
- I went to the market - আমি বাজারে গিয়েছিলাম।
- He ate rice - সে ভাত খেলো।
- They played cricket - তারা ক্রিকেট খেলেছিল।
Structure of the sentence: The past form of the verb or the second form of the verb is used as the main verb.
Positive sentence:
Subject + past form of verb + object.
Example:
- He bought a book
- They went to the shopping mall.
- I revised the lesson.
Negative sentence:
Subject + did + not + present form of the verb + object.
Example:
- He did not eat rice.
- They did not laugh at the poor.
- I did not go to the market.
Interrogative sentence:
Did + subject + present form of the verb + object + note of interrogation (?)
Example:
- Did you eat rice?
- Did you come home?
- Did they finish the work?
Past indefinite tense with was/were:
Positive sentence:
Subject + was/were + object.
Example:
- I was at school.
- He did the work.
- You were in Thailand.
Note: I/he/she/it এবং subject যদি singular number হয় তাহলে was বসে, you/they/we এবং subject যদি plural number হয় তাহলে were বসে।
Negative sentence:
Subject + was not/were not + object.
Example:
- He was not happy with me.
- You were not in Chittagong.
- She was not sick.
Interrogative sentence:
Was/were + subject + object + note of interrogation (?)
Example:
- Were you in Africa?
- Was she sick?
- Were you my friend?
Past Continuous Tense
অতীত কালে কিছু সময়ের জন্য কোন কাজ চলছিল বোঝালে Past Continuous Tense ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Past continuous tense is used to express the action which was continued for some time in the past. It describes an on-going past action.
বাংলায় চেনার উপায়: বাংলায় ক্রিয়ার শেষে তেছিল, তেছিলাম, তেছিলে, তেছিলেন, চ্ছিল, চ্ছিলে, চ্ছিলেন, ছিল, ছিলাম, ছিলে, অথবা ছিলেন থাকলে সাধারণত past tense হয়ে থাকে।
Example:
- He was reading the book - সে বইটি পড়ছিলো/পড়তেছিল।
- They were playing football - তারা ফুটবল খেলছিল।
- The birds were flying in the sky - পাখিরা আকাশে উড়ছিল।
Structure of the sentence:
Positive sentence:
Subject + was/were + present form of the verb + ing + object.
Example:
- He was singing a song.
- They were walking together.
- You were talking like a teacher.
Note: Subject first and third person singular হলে was বসবে। You/we/they এবং অন্যান্য plural subject এর শেষে were বসবে।
Negative sentence:
Subject + was not/were not + present form of the verb + ing + object.
Example:
- I was not taking tea.
- He was not teaching English.
- They were reading in the classroom.
Interrogative sentence:
- Was/were + subject + present form of the verb + ing + object + note of interrogation (?)
Example:
- Was he reading the book?
- Were they traveling to Chittagong?
- Was she singing the song?
Past Perfect Tense
অতীত কালে দুটি কাজ সম্পূর্ণ হলে যে কাজটি আগে হয় সেটি past perfect tense হয় এবং যে কাজটি পরে হয় সেটি past indefinite tense হয়।
The past perfect tense indicates two works that were completed in the past; past indefinite tense is used in the second or later action.
বাংলায় চেনার উপায়: বাংলায় ক্রিয়ার শেষে ছিল, ছিলাম, ছিলে, ছিলেন, ল, লাম, লে, লেন, তাম, তে, অথবা, তেন, ইত্যাদি থাকলে সাধারণত past tense হয়ে থাকে।
Example:
- The train had left before I ate - আমি খাওয়ার আগেই ট্রেন ছেড়ে দিয়েছিল।
- He had come home before I went to school - আমি স্কুলে যাওয়ার পূর্বেই সে বাড়ি এসেছিল।
- The students had left the class before the bell rang - ঘন্টা পরার পূর্বেই ছাত্রছাত্রীরা ক্লাস ত্যাগ করেছিল।
Structure of the sentence: auxiliary verb ‘had,’ and past participle form of the verb is used as the main verb.
Positive sentence:
Structure 1:
Subject + had + past participle form of the verb+ object.
Structure 2:
1st Subject + had + past participle form of the verb + object (if any) + before + 2nd subject + past form of the verb + 2nd object
Structure 3:
2nd subject + past form of the verb + 2nd object (if any)+ after+1st Subject + had + past participle form of the verb
Example:
- He had done this assignment last week. (1ststructure)
- The students had stood up before the teacher came.
- The patient died after the doctor had come.
Negative sentence:
Subject + had not + past participle form of verb + object.
Example:
- I had not watched the movie.
- He had not reached the station.
- They had not told me anything before the viva started.
Interrogative sentence:
Yes/no sentence: Had + subject + past participle form of the verb + object +?
‘Wh’ question: Wh-word + had + past participle form of the verb + object +?
Example:
- Had you finished the work before his presentation?
- Had he caught the cat before she drank the milk?
- Why had you broken the glass?
- What had you done before I came home?
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
অতীত কালে কোন কাজ কোন বিশেষ সময়ের পূর্বে আরম্ভ হয়ে সেই সময় পর্যন্ত চলছিল বোঝালে pastperfect continuous tense হয়।
যদি দুটি কাজের কথা উল্লেখ থাকে তাহলে যে কাজটি আগে ঘটেছিলো সেই কাজটির past perfect continuous tense হবে।
It describes an ongoing action which started in the past and continued for sometimes in the past. ‘For’ and ‘since’ are used to show the time reference, and it expresses when the action started and how long the work continued in the past.
বাংলায় চেনার উপায়: বাংলায় ক্রিয়ার শেষে তেছিল, তেছিলে, তেছিলাম, তেছিলেন, চ্ছিল, চ্ছিলাম, চ্ছিলে, চ্ছিলেন, এদের যে কোন একটি উল্লেখ থাকলে সাধারনত past perfect continuous tense বোঝায়।
এক্ষেত্রে, কিছু বিষয়ের প্রতি খেয়াল রাখতে হবে:
- অতীত কালে দুটি কাজ হয়েছিল।
- একটি কাজ আগে এবং অপর কাজটি পরে সংগঠিত হয়েছিল।
- যে কাজটি পূর্বে শুরু হয়েছিল সেটি দীর্ঘ সময় ধরে চলেছিল।
Example:
- They had been playing before the train came - ট্রেন আসার পূর্বে তারা খেলতেছিলো।
- I had been reading the book before you called - তুমি কল করার পূর্বে আমি বই পড়তেছিলাম।
- She had been watching the Television when I came to meet with her - আমি যখন তার সাথে দেখা করতে আসলাম তখন সে টেলিভিশন দেখতেছিলো।
- He had been playing football since morning - সে সকাল থেকে ফুটবল খেলতেছিলো।
Structure of the sentence:
Positive sentence:
Structure 1:
Subject + had been + present form of verb + ing + object + time reference
Structure 2:
1st subject + had been + present form of verb + ing + 1st object + 2nd subject + verb এর past form + 2nd object.
Example:
- He had been working in a non-government organization since 1997.
- They had been gossiping for two hours.
- He had been playing cricket before the bell rang.
- I had been watching the movie before you came.
Negative sentence:
Subject + had not been + present form of the verb + ing + object + time reference.
Example:
- He had not been working in a non-government organization since 1997.
- He had not been doing his assignment since 10 o’clock.
- They had not been eating lunch for two months.
Interrogative sentence:
Had + subject + been + present form of the verb + ing + object + time reference +?
Example:
- Had he been walking since morning?
- Had you been helping the poor since 2009?
- Had they been playing cricket for six years?
Present Tense
Tense (কাল)
কোন কাজ সম্পাদনের নির্দিষ্ট অথবা অনির্দিষ্ট সময়/সময়কালকে Tense বলা হয়।
ইংরেজি sentence গঠনের জন্য tense এর গুরুত্ব অসীম। ইংরেজিতে বিভিন্ন সময়কাল নির্দেশ করার জন্যে tense এর বিভিন্ন form ব্যবহার করা হয়। Tense এর মোট ১২ টি form রয়েছে। সকল ইংরেজি বাক্য এই ১২ টি form এর যেকোন একটি দিয়েই গঠন করা হয়।
Tense, in English grammar, refers to the time of an action or event. It tells when the work is done. It identifies whether the work is done in the present, the past or the future.
There are three types of Tenses
- Present Tense (বর্তমান কাল)
- Past Tense (অতীত কাল)
- Future Tense (ভবিষ্যৎ কাল)
Example:
- I eat Rice/He eats rice. (Present Tense)
- I ate rice/He ate rice. (Past Tense)
- I shall eat rice/He will eat rice. (Future Tense)
Present Tense (বর্তমান কাল)
Present Tense এর চারটি form রয়েছে।
- Present Indefinite Tense
- Present Continuous Tense
- Present Perfect Tense
- Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Present Indefinite Tense
বর্তমান কালে কোন কাজ করা হয়ে থাকে, অথবা অভ্যাসগতভাবে করা হয়, অথবা চির সত্য কোন কাজ বোঝালে তাকে Present Indefinite Tense ব্যবহার করা হয়।
It describes an action that is true, regular or normal. It uses the main verb or base form of the verb or the root verb.
বাংলায় চেনার উপায়: Verb এর শেষে অ, আ, এ, ই, এন, ও,এস,আয়,আন থাকবে।
Example:
- I go to School - আমি স্কুলে যাই।
- He goes to school - সে স্কুলে যায়।
- They play cricket - তারা ক্রিকেট খেলে।
Structure of the sentence: Base/root form of the verb is used as the main verb.
Positive Sentence:
Subject + main verb + complement
Note: In a sentence, if the subject is a third person singular number (he, she, it, or a singular noun), then ‘s’, ‘es’, ‘ies’ is added with the main verb in the sentence. But, if the subject is plural, there will be no addition of ‘s’, ‘es’, or ‘ies’.
Example:
- I go to the market. (using the root form ‘go’)
- He goes to the market. (root form of the verb is ‘go’ but ‘he’ is a third person singular number that’s why an extra ‘es’ is added with the verb)
- Hasina wants a cup of tea. (Hasina is third person singular number)
- The boys play cricket. (‘the boys’ = a third person plural number, that’s why there is no ‘s’ with the verb)
Negative Sentence:
Subject + Do not/Does not + main verb + object
Note: If the subject is ‘he/she/it or a singular noun’ then ‘Does not’ will be used to make it negative. If the subject of a sentence is ‘I/you/we/they’ or a plural noun, then ‘Do not’ will be used to make it negative.
Example:
- Positive: I eat rice.
Negative: I do not eat rice. - Positive: He goes to School.
Negative: He does not go to School. - Positive: He walks in the evening.
Negative: He does not walk in the evening. - Positive: They like to dance.
Negative: They do not like to dance.
Question Sentence:
Do/ Does + Subject + Main verb + Object + Note of interrogation (?)
Note: If the sentence starts with the subject ‘he/she/it or a singular noun’ then ‘Does’ is used to make it Interrogative. If the sentence starts with the subject ‘I/we/you/they or a plural noun’ then ‘Do’ is used to make it Interrogative.
Example:
- Positive: He sings a song.
Interrogative: Does he sing a song? - Positive: She likes to talk to you.
Interrogative: Does she like to talk to you? - Positive: We try to do the assignment.
Interrogative: Do we try to do the assignment? - Positive: They love you.
Interrogative: Do they love you?
Using ‘Be verb’ (am/is/are):
Subject + be verb (am/is/are) + object
Note: ‘am’ is used with the subject ‘I’. ‘is’ is used with the subject ‘he/she/it or the singular form of nouns. ‘are’ is used with the ‘we/you/they or the plural form of nouns.
Example:
- I am a musician.
- It is my pen
- You are a fraud.
Negative sentence:
Subject + am not/is not/are not + object
Example:
- Positive: I am a good boy.
Negative: I am not a good boy. - Positive: It is her book.
Negative: It is not her book. - Positive: You are my friend.
Negative: You are not my friend.
Interrogative:
Am/is/are + subject + object + Note of Interrogation (?)
Example:
- Positive: I am an intelligent boy.
Interrogative: Am I an intelligent boy? - Positive: He is angry.
Interrogative: Is he angry? - Positive: They are my friends.
Interrogative: Are they my friends?
Present Continuous Tense
বর্তমানকালে বা অদূর/নিকট ভবিষ্যতে কোন কাজ চলছে/চলবে বোঝালে Present Continuous Tenseব্যবহার করতে হয়।
The present continuous tense designates an action that is being continued or going to be continued in the near future.
বাংলায় চেনার উপায়: Verb এর শেষে তেছ, তেছি , তেছেন, তেছে, চ্ছ, চ্ছি, চ্ছে, চ্ছেন, ছেন, ছি ইত্যাদি থাকে।
Example:
- I am going to school - আমি স্কুলে যাচ্ছি।
- He is going to market - সে বাজারে যাচ্ছে।
- They are playing football - তারা ফুটবল খেলছে।
- The bus is leaving at 4.00 pm – বাসটি চারটায় ছাড়বে। (নিকট ভবিষ্যত)
Structure of the sentence: Verb এর present form এর সাথে ing যোগ করতে হয়।
Positive sentence:
Subject + am/is/are + main verb + ing + object
Example:
- I am eating rice.
- He is running to and fro.
- They are going to school.
- They are going to attend a party tonight. (নিকট ভবিষ্যত)
Note: ‘I’ এর পর am বসে, He/she/it এর পর is বসে। এবং subjectযদি third person singular number হয় তাহলেও subject এর পর is বসে। We/you/they এবং plural subject এর পর are বসে।
Negative sentence:
Subject + am/is/are + not + Main verb + ing + object
Example:
- He is not drinking milk.
- I’m not going to open a bank account.
- They are not going to play football.
অর্থাৎ, am/is/are এর পর একটি not যোগ করে দিলেই negative sentence হয়ে যায়।
Interrogative sentence:
Am/is/are + subject + main verb + ing + object + ?
Example:
- Am I going to Chittagong?
- Is he drinking water?
- Are they playing badminton?
Present Perfect Tense
কোন কাজ শেষ হয়ে গেছে অথচ তার ফল এখনও বিদ্যমান আছে, এরকম বোঝালে present perfect tense ব্যবহৃত হয়।
It describes the work which has been done, but the effect exists till now.
বাংলায় চেনার উপায়: Verb এর শেষে য়াছে, এছে, য়াছ, য়াছি, এছি, য়াছেন, য়াছে, য়েছ, ইয়াছি, ইয়াছ, ইয়াছে, ইয়েছ, ইয়াছেন ইত্যাদি বসে। এছাড়া করি নাই, করিনি, খাই নাই, খাইনি, ইত্যাদি বোঝালে Present Perfect Tense হয়।
Example:
- He has done the work - সে কাজটি করিয়াছে / করেছে।
- I have gone to the market - আমি বাজারে গিয়াছি/গিয়েছি।
- They have eaten mangoes – তারা আমগুলো খেয়েছে।
- I have not eaten banana - আমি কলা খাইনি।
Structure of the sentence: The past participle form of the verb is used after have/has.
Positive sentence:
Subject + have/has + past participle form of verb + object
Example:
- He has done the work.
- I have eaten rice.
- They have worked hard.
Note: Subject যদি He/she/it এবং third person singular number হয় তাহলে has বসবে। Subject যদি I/we/they/you এবং plural subject এর সাথে have বসবে।
Negative sentence:
Subject + have/has + not + past participle form of verb + object
Example:
- He has not eaten rice.
- They have not come to our house.
- I have not gone to school.
Interrogative sentence:
Have/has + subject + past participle form of verb + object + ?
Example:
- Has he done the homework?
- Have they gone to school?
- Have you learned speaking English?
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
কোন কাজ পূর্বে শুরু হয়ে এখনও চলছে বোঝালে Present perfect continuous tense ব্যবহৃত হয়।
The work started in the past and it is still running is called Present perfect continuous tense.
বাংলায় চেনার উপায়: বাংলায় ক্রিয়ার শেষে তেছ, তেছি,তেছে, তেছেন, চ্ছ, চ্ছি, চ্ছে, চ্ছেন, ছ্, ছি্, ছে্, ছে্ন,ইত্যাদি উল্লেখ থাকে এবং সাথে সময়ের উল্লেখ থাকে।
Example:
- I have been walking for two hours - আমি দুই ঘন্টা যাবৎ হাটছি।
- He has been working in this office for five years - সে এই অফিসে পাঁচ বছর যাবৎ কাজ করছে।
- They have been suffering from fever since Tuesday - তারা মঙ্গলবার হইতে জ্বরে ভুগছে।
Note: Subject third person singular number or he/she/ it হলে has been বসে। I/we/you/they এবং অন্যসব subject এর ক্ষেত্রে have been বসে।
Note:
For সাধারণত একটি কাজের নির্দিষ্ট একটা সময়ের পরিমাণ বুঝাতে ব্যবহার করা হয়।
For is used to talk about a period of time: three hours, three months, twelve years, etc. For can be used with all tenses.
Since সাধারণত একটা নির্দিষ্ট সময় থেকে শুরু হয়ে আসা কাজের ক্ষেত্রে ব্যবহার করা হয়।
Since is used to talk about a point in past time: Sunday, 6th January, Morning, etc. Since can be used only in perfect tenses.
Structure of the sentence:
Positive sentence:
Subject + have been/has been + main verb + ing + since/from/for + object.
Example:
- He has been reading this newspaper for two hours.
- They have been walking since 7 am.
- You have been talking about the Internet for three hours.
Negative sentence:
Subject + have not/has not + been + main verb + ing + since/from/for + object.
Example:
- I have not been walking for two hours.
- It has not been raining.
Interrogative sentence:
Have/has + subject + been + main verb + ing + since/for (if needed) + object + ?
Example:
- Has he been watching the movie?
- Have they been waiting for two hours?
- Has it been raining since morning?
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